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Traffic management

Load balancing and consistent hashing

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Decide how to load balance incoming requests to an upstream service and enforce sticky sessions.
About simple load balancing

Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) supports multiple load balancing algorithms for selecting upstream services to forward incoming requests to. By default, Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) forwards incoming requests to the instance with the least requests. You can change this behavior and instead use a round robin algorithm to forward the request to an upstream. For more information about available load balancing options, see Configure load balancer policies.
To configure simple load balancing for incoming requests, you use the spec.config.simple setting in the load balancer policy. To learn more about this setting, see the Istio Destination Rule documentation.
About session affinity and consistent hashing

Session affinity, also referred to as sticky session, allows you to route requests for a particular session to the same upstream service instance that served the initial request. This setup is particularly useful if you have an upstream service that performs expensive operations and caches the output or data for subsequent requests. With session affinity, you make sure that the expensive operation is performed once and that subsequent requests can be served from the upstream’s cache, which can significantly improve operational cost and response times for your clients.
The load balancer policy allows you to set up soft session affinity between a client and an upstream service by using a consistent hashing algorithm based on HTTP headers, cookies, or other properties, such as the source IP address or a query parameter. Ringhash and MagLev hash algorithms are also supported. For example, if you have 3 upstream hosts that can serve the request and you use consistent hashing based on headers or cookies, each host is hashed with the header or the cookie that the client provides. If a subsequent request uses the same header or cookie, the hash values are the same and the request is forwarded to the same upstream host that served the initial request. To configure consistent hashing, you use the spec.config.consistentHash setting in the load balancer policy.
To learn more about this setting, see the Istio Destination Rule documentation.
Other load balancing settings

Learn about other load balancing options that you can set in the load balancer policy.
Healthy panic threshold

By default, Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) only considers services that are healthy and available when load balancing incoming requests among upstream services. In the case that the number of healthy upstream services becomes too low, you can instruct Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) to disregard the upstream health status and either load balance requests among all or no hosts by using the healthy_panic_threshold setting. If not set, the threshold defaults to 50%. To disable panic mode, set this field to 0.
To learn more about this setting and when to use it, see the Envoy documentation.
Update merge window

Sometimes, your deployments might have health checks and metadata updates that use a lot of CPU and memory. In such cases, you can use the update_merge_window setting. This way, Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) merges all updates together within a specific timeframe. For more information about this setting, see the Envoy documentation. If not set, the update merge window defaults to 1000ms. To disable the update merge window, set this field to 0s.
Warm up duration

If you have new upstream services that need time to get ready for traffic, use the warmupDurationSecs setting. This way, Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) gradually increases the amount of traffic for the service. This setting is effective in scaling events, such as when new replicas are added to handle increased load. However, if all services start at the same time, this setting might not be as effective as all endpoints receive the same amount of requests.
Note that the warmupDurationSecs field can only be set if the load balancing mode (spec.config.simple) is set to ROUND_ROBIN or LEAST_REQUEST.
To learn more about this setting, see the Istio Destination Rule documentation.
Before you begin

  1. Complete the multicluster getting started guide to set up the following testing environment.
    • Three clusters along with environment variables for the clusters and their Kubernetes contexts.
    • The Gloo meshctl CLI, along with other CLI tools such as kubectl and istioctl.
    • The Gloo management server in the management cluster, and the Gloo agents in the workload clusters.
    • Istio installed in the workload clusters.
    • A simple Gloo workspace setup.
  2. Install Bookinfo and other sample apps.
Configure load balancer policies

You can apply a load balancer policy at the destination level. For more information, see the following resources:
The following load balancer policy randomly selects one of the available reviews services to serve an incoming request.
apiVersion: trafficcontrol.policy.gloo.solo.io/v2
kind: LoadBalancerPolicy
metadata:
  name: simple-loadbalancer-policy
  namespace: bookinfo
spec:
  applyToDestinations:
  - port:
      number: 9080
    selector:
      labels:
        app: reviews
  config:
    simple: RANDOM
Review the following table to understand this configuration.
SettingDescription
spec.config.simpleSpecify how Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) selects an upstream service to serve an incoming request. Choose between following options:
  • UNSPECIFIED: You do not specify a load balancing algorithm, and Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) uses the default Istio load balancing algorithm, LEAST_REQUEST.
  • RANDOM: Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) randomly selects a healthy upstream service instance. This setting is typically faster than ROUND_ROBIN if you did not configure a health checking policy.
  • PASSTHROUGH: Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) does not load balance. Instead, it directly forwards the request to the upstream service that the client requested, such as by providing the IP address of the target destination in the request.
  • ROUND_ROBIN: Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) forwards the request to each upstream service in turn. Note that this setting does not take into account the current load of an instance and can therefore lead to upstream services that must handle an excessive amount of incoming requests while others remain underutilized. To make sure that your hosts stay balanced, use the LEAST_REQUEST option instead.
  • LEAST_REQUEST: Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) forwards requests to the upstream service with the least outstanding requests. This is the default setting in Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs), and is typically faster than ROUND_ROBIN.
The following example sets up session affinity between a client and an upstream service by using a cookie.
apiVersion: trafficcontrol.policy.gloo.solo.io/v2
kind: LoadBalancerPolicy
metadata:
  name: sticky-loadbalancer-policy
  namespace: bookinfo
spec:
  applyToDestinations:
  - port:
      number: 9080
    selector:
      labels:
        app: reviews
  config:
    consistentHash:
      httpCookie:
        name: chocolate-chip
        ttl: 10s
Review the following table to understand this configuration.
SettingDescription
spec.config.consistentHash.httpCookieSpecify the cookie to use to create the hash value for the session between a client and an upstream service, which ensures session affinity in subsequent requests. In this example, the cookie is named chocolate-chip. The cookie is valid for 10 seconds (ttl). After it expires, a new host is selected that serves the incoming requests.
The following example sets up session affinity between a client and an upstream service by using HTTP headers.
apiVersion: trafficcontrol.policy.gloo.solo.io/v2
kind: LoadBalancerPolicy
metadata:
  name: sticky-loadbalancer-policy
  namespace: bookinfo
spec:
  applyToDestinations:
  - port:
      number: 9080
    selector:
      labels:
        app: reviews
  config:
    consistentHash:
      httpHeaderName: x-user
Review the following table to understand this configuration.
SettingDescription
spec.config.consistentHash.httpHeaderNameSpecify the HTTP header to use to create the hash value for the session between a client and an upstream service, which ensures session affinity in subsequent requests. In this example, the x-user HTTP header is used.
The following example disables the healthy panic threshold for the reviews upstream service.
apiVersion: trafficcontrol.policy.gloo.solo.io/v2
kind: LoadBalancerPolicy
metadata:
  name: simple-loadbalancer-policy
  namespace: bookinfo
spec:
  applyToDestinations:
  - port:
      number: 9080
    selector:
      labels:
        app: reviews
  config:
    healthyPanicThreshold: 0
    simple: ROUND_ROBIN
Review the following table to understand this configuration.
SettingDescription
spec.config.healthyPanicThresholdSpecify the percentage of upstream services that must be unavailable before Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) disregards the health check and starts load balancing requests among all or no hosts. If not set, this threshold defaults to 50%. To disable the healthy panic threshold, set this field to 0.
The following example collects and merges all health check updates during a 50s timeframe.
apiVersion: trafficcontrol.policy.gloo.solo.io/v2
kind: LoadBalancerPolicy
metadata:
  name: simple-loadbalancer-policy
  namespace: bookinfo
spec:
  applyToDestinations:
  - port:
      number: 9080
    selector:
      labels:
        app: reviews
  config:
    updateMergeWindow: 50s
    simple: ROUND_ROBIN
Review the following table to understand this configuration.
SettingDescription
spec.config.updateMergeWindowSpecify the duration that you want Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) to collect and merge health check, weight, or metadata updates for an upstream service. When the duration ends, all updates that occurred during this timeframe are delivered as one update. If not set, the update merge window defaults to 1000ms. To disable the update merge window, set this field to 0ms.
The following example configures Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) to wait 10 seconds before requests are routed to newly created review instances.
apiVersion: trafficcontrol.policy.gloo.solo.io/v2
kind: LoadBalancerPolicy
metadata:
  name: simple-loadbalancer-policy
  namespace: bookinfo
spec:
  applyToDestinations:
  - port:
      number: 9080
    selector:
      labels:
        app: reviews
  config:
    warmupDurationSecs: 10s
    simple: ROUND_ROBIN
Review the following table to understand this configuration.
SettingDescription
spec.config.warumupDurationSecsEnter the number of seconds for Gloo Mesh (Gloo Platform APIs) to wait before sending requests to newly created upstreams. Note that the warmupDurationSecs field can only be set if the load balancing mode (spec.config.simple) is set to ROUND_ROBIN or LEAST_REQUEST.
Verify load balancer policies

  1. Create a simple load balancer policy that uses round robin to select an upstream service.
kubectl apply --context $REMOTE_CONTEXT1 -f- <<EOF
apiVersion: trafficcontrol.policy.gloo.solo.io/v2
kind: LoadBalancerPolicy
metadata:
  name: helloworld-lb-policy
  namespace: helloworld
spec:
  applyToDestinations:
  - selector:
      labels:
        app: helloworld
  config:
    simple: ROUND_ROBIN
    updateMergeWindow: 50s
EOF
  1. Get the Istio destination rule and Envoy filter that was created for you.
    kubectl get destinationrule -n bookinfo &ndash;context $REMOTE_CONTEXT1 -o yaml
kubectl get envoyfilter -n bookinfo &ndash;context $REMOTE_CONTEXT1 -o yaml
  2. Verify that you can see the round robin load balancing algorithm in the Istio destination rule and the update merge window setting in the Envoy filter.

    Example output for the Istio destination rule:
    ...
spec:
  exportTo:
  - .
  host: reviews.bookinfo.svc.cluster.local
  trafficPolicy:
    portLevelSettings:
    - loadBalancer:
        simple: ROUND_ROBIN
      port:
        number: 9080
    Example output for the Envoy filter:
    ...
spec:
  configPatches:
  - applyTo: CLUSTER
    match:
      cluster:
        portNumber: 9080
        service: reviews.bookinfo.svc.cluster.local
    patch:
      operation: MERGE
      value:
        commonLbConfig:
          updateMergeWindow: 50s
  3. Log in to the product page app and send multiple requests to the helloworld app. In your CLI output, make sure that you get back a response from each of the helloworld apps that are deployed in your workload cluster.
kubectl --context ${REMOTE_CONTEXT1} -n bookinfo debug -i pods/$(kubectl get pod --context ${REMOTE_CONTEXT1} -l app=productpage -A -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') --image=curlimages/curl -- curl http://helloworld.helloworld:5000/hello -s
Example output:
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-cbfbc78c-f84vf
Hello version: v2, instance: helloworld-v2-66886fbd68-6stm2
  1. Modify your load balancer policy to set up consistent hashing based on an HTTP header.
kubectl apply --context $REMOTE_CONTEXT1 -f- <<EOF
apiVersion: trafficcontrol.policy.gloo.solo.io/v2
kind: LoadBalancerPolicy
metadata:
  name: helloworld-lb-policy
  namespace: helloworld
spec:
  applyToDestinations:
  - selector:
      labels:
        app: helloworld
  config:
    consistentHash:
      httpHeaderName: x-user
    updateMergeWindow: 50s
EOF
  1. Send a few more requests to the app. This time, you provide the x-user header as part of your request. Note that you get back a response from the same versioned pod, such as v2.
kubectl --context ${REMOTE_CONTEXT1} -n bookinfo debug -i pods/$(kubectl get pod --context ${REMOTE_CONTEXT1} -l app=productpage -A -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') --image=curlimages/curl -- curl -H "x-user: me" http://helloworld.helloworld:5000/hello -s
Example output:
Hello version: v2, instance: helloworld-v2-66886fbd68-6stm2
  1. Remove the x-user header and verify that you now get back responses from all the versioned pods again in your workload cluster.
kubectl --context ${REMOTE_CONTEXT1} -n bookinfo debug -i pods/$(kubectl get pod --context ${REMOTE_CONTEXT1} -l app=productpage -A -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') --image=curlimages/curl -- curl http://helloworld.helloworld:5000/hello -s 
Example output:
Hello version: v1, instance: helloworld-v1-cbfbc78c-f84vf
Hello version: v2, instance: helloworld-v2-66886fbd68-6stm2
## Cleanup
You can optionally remove the resources that you set up as part of this guide.
kubectl delete loadbalancerpolicy helloworld-lb-policy -n helloworld --context $REMOTE_CONTEXT1
Header manipulationMirroring